CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS AND SMART FACTORIES

Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Factories

The whole of the structures that contain communication and coordination between the physical world and the cyber world are called CyberPhysical Systems (CPS) [11]. The main role of CPS is to fulfill the agile and dynamic requirements of production and to increase the efficiency and productivity of the whole industry [4]. Industry 4.0 is characterized by an unprecedented connectivity of the Internet and the so-called CPS, which can be considered as systems that bring together the physical and virtual world. is. More precisely, “cyber-physical systems are the integration of computing with physical processes. This provides a completely new degree of control, oversight, transparency and efficiency in the production process. CPS realizes the integration of networks using multiple sensors, actuators, control processing units and communication devices as shown in Figure 2 [16].

Figure 2. Cyber-physical production systems-CPPS [17]

Internet of Things

The structures that enable the communication of objects with each other are called the Internet of Things (IoT) [11]. The Internet of Things is expected to open up numerous economic opportunities and is considered one of the most promising technologies with great destructive potential [16]. The concept of the internet of things was created by a British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton. The idea was formulated in 1999 to describe a system where the material world communicates with computers (data exchange) with ubiquitous sensors. In this approach, not only objects, but also processes, data, people, and even animals or atmospheric phenomena – are treated as a variable, creating a system of everything [3].

In the first decade of the 21st century, the term “internet of things” became popular and it was considered as a technology that enables industries to move from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0 by adding information to products and processes in the supply chain [9, 16]. Technically speaking, IoT is a collection of physical artifacts that includes embedded systems of electrical, mechanical, computer, and communication mechanisms that enable internet-based communication and data exchange.

IoT – Internet of Things

IoT is an abstract idea that captures a movement that started when we started integrating computing and communication technology into many of the “things” we use at home and in our workplace.

It started with the idea of ​​labeling and tracking “objects” with low-cost sensor technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. However, the paradigm has changed as the market started offering low-cost computing and internet-based communication technologies with the rise of the ubiquitous smartphone. A perfect storm of low cost computing and pervasive broadband network has allowed IoT to evolve. Some examples of industrial IoT as shown in Figure 3; It includes a wide range of devices such as sensors, actuators, robots, milling machines, 3D printers and assembly line components, chemical mixing tanks, motors, insulin and infusion pumps, health devices, even planes, trains and automobiles [15].

Figure 3. Internet of Things (15]

Cloud Based Manufacturing

Cloud-based manufacturing (CBM) is another rising paradigm that will make a significant contribution to the success of Industry 4.0. CBM has a network that leverages on-demand access to a shared set of diversified and distributed generation resources to create temporary, reconfigurable cyber-physical production lines that increase efficiency, reduce life cycle costs and allow optimum resource allocation to respond to customer-generated variable demand. It can be defined as a connected production model.

CBM

The features of CBM include networked manufacturing, scalability, agility, ubiquitous accessibility and virtualization, big data and IoT, everything for the service and pool of resources. Figure 4 shows the simplified software defined cloud production architecture. Simplified software-defined cloud production architecture [15] While the hardware plane in Figure 4 performs the final job, the software plane defines how the work will be organized until the job is completed.

The hardware plane has a distributed hardware layer. This layer also consists of distributed hardware elements such as a 3D printer. The software plane contains two layers, virtual and control layers. The control layer consists of control elements and the virtual layer contains the end user applications. Information streams are indicated by arrows. The distributed hardware layer communicates with the control layer mutually. Likewise, the virtual layer interfaces with the control layer [15].

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